Post-war Economy in Japan and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-war Economy in Japan and China - Essay Example General Douglas MacArthur held the fort of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP), thereby commencing the reformation process that was essential for rebuilding the devastated nation (Caprio & Sugita, 2007). MacArthur endorsed an extensive series of social, political, militaristic and economic reforms that got rid of the feudal society. In 1945, the International Allied Council for Japan, whose creation was essential for assisting the United States, presided over the disbanding of Japan’s naval and military forces (Dower, 2000). Conversely, the Council controlled the dissolution of the colonial empire that was still in existence in Japan. The occupation policy by the Americans was not only essential for demilitarizing the country, but it was vital for destroying the existing conditions that had made Japan into an aggressor country (Dower, 2000). It was necessary for America to destroy these conditions to transform Japan into a democratic and peaceful nation that could not threaten other countries or international peace. The most apparent changes experienced were political. The political democratization focused on revising the Meiji constitution, leading to the promulgation of a new constitution in 1947 (Dower, 2000). Apart from expanding the electorate to accommodate every adult, including women, the new constitution guaranteed the citizens fundamental political and civil rights. Other guaranteed rights were inclusive of the rights to collective bargaining and the right of labor. Economically, America instituted land reforms, which was an essential consideration that could support the political changes made. The provision took away land from big landowners, thereby distributing the large tracts to the farmers who constituted approximately 50% of the labor force in the country (Dower, 2000). The Japanese inhabitants welcomed the changes implemented.

Electronic money challenges and solutions Essay

Electronic money challenges and solutions - Essay Example As Bill Gate, the founder of Microsoft puts it: E-payment or electronic payment is a technique of making transactions over the internet or some other electronic system. The transaction takes place in the form of secure data transfer from one end to the other. The greatest advantage of an e-payment based transaction is the speed with which the transaction gets completed. Other benefits include the ease with which the transaction can be completed; the users do not have to be physically present to make these transactions and in fact, both buyers and sellers can meet in the electronic market to make electronic transactions using electronic money. There are various forms of e-payment systems that are in use nowadays. These include credit cards, debit cards, online transfers, wire transfers, e-money like Pay Pal, and other modes through which people make payments over the web. Most of these systems are based on a ID and password system to protect against unauthorized usage. With an increase in the magnitude of online applications and systems, there is a growing threat of security issues, vulnerabilities and exposure on the use of electronic transmission, and internet based systems. This has been a concern for companies, individuals, government and law enforcement agencies. Doing transactions online means making payments for the goods and services that are purchased; this leads to a need for developing a mechanism to make these 'e-payments'. This further translates into developing and implementing a security process to ensure that these transactions are carried out keeping the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the systems intact. An e-transaction is as susceptible to fraud as any other transaction, if not more. The fraudsters are many in the electronic world, are dispersed all round the globe, have update knowledge and expertise about the systems and computers, and are attacking to gain access to, and in many cases, to use the identity, fun ds and communication of a person in illegal, unethical and undesired way. 2.1 Security Issues for E-Money and E-Payment Systems Security of electronic money refers to establishing the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information when it is passed through the electronic system. Some security requirements for an electronic money transfer system are outlined below (British Standards, 2006, p.3): Confidentiality - ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access to it. Integrity - safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods Availability - ensuring that authorized users have access to information and associates assets when required Authenticity - information should be available to sender and recipient, who must prove their identities to each other Non-repudiation - assurance/ proof that the transmitted message was indeed received (ECD, 2007). 3. Key Challenges and Recommendations for Electronic Payment Systems A description of specific risks and challenges of online transactions is provided below. 3.1 Privacy and