The Mayans of Mesoamerica Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Mayans of Mesoamerica      The antiquated Mayans were an all around created society with an exceptionally precise schedule, gifted designers, craftsmans, broad dealers and trackers. They are known to have created medication and space science also. The entirety of this was created while the Europeans were still in the Dark Ages.      Their domain secured a territory of approximately 400,000 to 500,000 square kilometers. This zone incorporated the current day nations of Belize, Guatemala, western Honduras and El Salvador, and furthermore southern bits of Mexico. These grounds have an exceptionally assorted landscape, from the uneven good countries to the tropical swamps. The wide scope of land highlights implied that the Mayans food sources fluctuated relying upon their area.      The Mayan trackers sought after huge game like panthers, wild pigs, and snow panthers just as little game like bunnies, hares, and squirrels. The three creatures that appear to be the most pervasive in Mayan compositions are the deer, iguana, and the quetzal flying creature. This has persuaded that these creatures probably been something other than a food source. It is accepted that the quetzal fledgling was not murdered yet just caught. While it was caught, they would cull the quills from it since they were viewed as entirely significant. The Maya saw chasing as something beyond a food source, like the other local people groups we have considered. They had certain customs t...

Metacomet (King Philips) War

Metacomet (King Philip's) War Ruler Philips War - Background: In the years following the Pilgrims appearance and establishing of Plymouth in 1620, the Puritan populace of New England developed quickly as new states and towns were established. Through the initial quite a few years of settlement, the Puritans kept up an uncomfortable yet to a great extent tranquil relationship with the neighboring Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuck, Pequot, and Mohegan clans. Treating each gathering independently, the Puritans dealt European items for Native American exchange merchandise. As the Puritan settlements extended and their longing for exchange merchandise decreased, the Native Americans started trading land for devices and weapons. In 1662, Metacomet became Sachem (head) of the Wampanoag after the passing of his sibling Wamsutta. Despite the fact that long incredulous of the Puritans, he kept on exchanging with them and endeavored to keep up the harmony. Embracing the English name Philip, Metacomets position got expanding questionable as the Puritan states kept on developing and the Iroquois Confederation started infringing from the west. Discontent with Puritan development, he started arranging assaults against distant Puritan town in late 1674. Worried about Metacomets goals, one of his counsels, John Sassamon, a Christian believer, educated the Puritans. Lord Philips War - Death of Sassamon: In spite of the fact that Plymouth representative Josiah Winslow made no move, he was paralyzed to discover that Sassamon had been killed in February 1675. In the wake of discovering Sassamons body under the ice in Assawompset Pond, the Puritans got knowledge that he had been slaughtered by three of Metacomets men. An examination prompted the capture of three Wampanoags who were therefore attempted and indicted for the homicide. Held tight June 8, their executions were seen as an impingement on Wampanoag sway by Metacomet. On June 20, conceivably without Metacomets endorsement, a gathering of Wampanoags assaulted the town of Swansea. Ruler Philips War - Fighting Begins: Reacting to this strike, Puritan pioneers in Boston and Plymouth promptly dispatched as power which consumed the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope, RI. As the mid year advanced, the contention raised as extra clans got together with Metacomet and various assaults were propelled against Puritan towns, for example, Middleborough, Dartmouth, and Lancaster. In September, Deerfield, Hadley, and Northfield were totally assaulted driving the New England Confederation to proclaim war on Metacomet on September 9. After nine days a frontier power was beaten at the Battle of Bloody Brook as they looked to gather crops for the winter. Proceeding with the hostile, Native American powers assaulted Springfield, MA on October 5. Invading the town, they consumed greater part of the settlements structures while the enduring homesteaders took cover in a strong house claimed by Miles Morgan. This gathering held out until pioneer troops showed up to mitigate them. Looking to stem the tide, Winslow drove joined 1,000-man power of Plymouth, Connecticut, and Massachusetts state army against the Narragansetts in November. Despite the fact that the Narragansetts had not been legitimately engaged with the battling, it was accepted they were protecting the Wampanoags. Lord Philips War - Native American Ascent: Walking through Rhode Island, Winslows power assaulted a huge Narragansett fortress on December 16. Named the Great Swamp Fight, the pilgrims murdered around 300 Narragansetts for lost around 70. In spite of the fact that the assault fundamentally harmed the Narragansett clan, it prompted the survivors straightforwardly got together with Metacomet. Through the winter of 1675-1676, the Native Americans assaulted various towns along the wilderness. On March 12, they infiltrated into the core of Puritan region and straightforwardly assaulted Plymouth Plantation. Despite the fact that turned around, the attack exhibited their capacity. After fourteen days, a pioneer organization drove by Captain Michael Pierce was encircled and obliterated by Native American warriors in Rhode Island. On March 29, Metacomets men consumed Providence, RI after it was deserted by the settlers. Thus, the heft of Rhode Islands Puritan populace had to leave the territory for the settlements of Portsmouth and Newport on Aquidneck Island. As the spring advanced, Metacomet was fruitful in driving the Puritans from a considerable lot of their remote towns and constrained the pilgrims to look for the wellbeing of the enormous towns. Ruler Philips War - The Tide Turns: With the climate warming, Metacomets energy started to blur as a lack of provisions and labor started to hamper his activities. Alternately, the Puritans attempted to improve their guards and started fruitful counterattacks against the Native American partners. In April 1676, frontier powers executed the Narragansett boss Canonchet, adequately removing the clan from the contention. Aligning with the Mohegan and Pequots of Connecticut, they effectively assaulted a huge Native American angling camp in Massachusetts the next month. On June 12, another of Metacomets powers was beaten at Hadley. Incapable to protect coalitions with different clans, for example, the Mohawk and short on arrangements, Metacomets partners started to leave the positions. Another terrible thrashing at Marlborough in late June rushed this procedure. As expanding quantities of Native American warriors started giving up in July, the Puritans started dispatching assaulting parties into Metacomets region to carry the war to an end. Withdrawing to Assowamset Swamp in southern Rhode Island, Metacomet planned to pull together. On August 12, his gathering was assaulted by Puritan power drove by Captains Benjamin Church and Josiah Standish. In the battling, a changed over Native American, John Alderman, shot and executed Metacomet. Following the fight, Metacomet was executed and his body drawn and quartered. The head was come back to Plymouth where it was shown on Burial Hill for the following two decades. Metacomets demise adequately finished the war however irregular battling proceeded into the following year. Lord Philips War - Aftermath: Over the span of King Philips War, around 600 Puritan pilgrims were murdered and twelve towns were wrecked. Local American misfortunes are evaluated at around 3,000. During the contention, the pilgrims got little help from England and subsequently generally financed and battled the war themselves. This supported in the early improvement of a different pioneer character which would keep on becoming throughout the following century. With the finish of King Philips War, endeavors to incorporate provincial and Native American culture successfully finished and a profound disdain grabbed hold between the two gatherings. The annihilation of Metacomet crushed the spirit of Native American force in New England and the clans never again represented a basic danger to the provinces. In spite of the fact that seriously harmed by the war, the settlements before long recouped the lost populace and reconstructed the wrecked towns and towns. Chosen Sources Society of Colonial War: King Philips WarGlobal Security: King Philips WarPilgrim Hall: King Philips War

Senior Spring!

Senior Spring! I’ve never really understood the appeal of beach vacations. I spend a day relaxing and then have to recover from the effort of recuperation with hiking or museum visits or at least some shopping. But this vacation and IAP, I did my best to take it easy. That’s the wonderful thing about IAP-you operate at your own level. Want to go abroad or do an externship or be on campus and take classes and do a million things? You can. Or, you can stay home. It’s whatever you need to be ready for another semester. After three and a half jam-packed years at MIT (including IAPs), I came back to campus for track practice with no other plans except to read and bake and watch TV and enjoy Boston. I did however, accomplish at least three things during IAP: 1.) Lots and lots of running. Indoor track season is in full swing and I’ve been kept passably sane by practice and meets and hanging out with the team. (Seriously, it’s no wonder the “Yellow Wallpaper” woman went mad. The line between relaxation and soul-crushing boredom is shakier than you’d expect). 2.) Watched the entire series of Veronica Mars and a couple seasons of Buffy . Gotta love shows with witty butt-kicking blondes, right? Also, big question for Buffy fans re: Faith’s accent. Where is she supposed to be from? She sounds like she’s trying for Canadian but got lost somewhere around theater-class New Yorker. 3.) Had a cliche rom-com revelation witha blondie recipe? Stay with me here: hard-working girl is happy with her life but has been so focused on her career (or you know, school) she doesn’t realize what she’s missing(love, or baked goods) until she meets a guy (or a recipe) who opens her eyes (to the miracle powers of browned butter). Click here for the recipe. (Substitute white chocolate chips for toffee and your life will be changed forever). Also the previous only works if you say it in one of those movie-trailer voices. I also inadvertently stumbled upon the hummus taste-off (link!) . If you didn’t think hummus could get any better, I present unexpected, free, hummus, in large quantities. It was pretty neat-three different companies came and had samples and there was a huge taste-off where people could make their own or just come and vote on their favorites. To me it was the epitome of IAP-random, awesome, and delicious. But now it’s Registration Day eve and all of a sudden I have to go to school again! Weird (in an exciting, good kind of way). Here’s what I’ve got in my final (!) semester at MIT: 20.380- Biological Engineering Design. This is Course 20’s senior design class-in lieu of a thesis we work in groups over the course of a semester to propose a drug/device to investigate/treat biological systems/diseases. Last year the seniors studied inflammation and worked in groups on projects about cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and I’m excited to hear what our topics will be. German II-Unlike any of my Course 20 classes, the title of this class is pretty self-explanatory. MISTI , MIT’s amazing internship abroad program allows recent grads to participate, and depending on the start date for my job, I might go to Germany. MISTI is very popular-my friends have gone to Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Japan and have all absolutely loved it. The MISTI people help you find work and help arrange travel and housing. There are language requirements, but they vary by country; I took German I first semester and liked it so even if I can’t do MISTI I’m looking forward to this class. 21L.702 Studies in Fiction: Jane Austen’s Reading List. Last spring I took Professor Perry’s Jane Austen class and it was the highlight of my semester. The lit classes I’ve taken at MIT have been hands down my favorites. I’ve also been on a British lit kick lately so I’m particularly excited for this one. Should be a pretty good semester. I’m going to try to keep myself not too busy and just enjoy my classes and track, but we’ll see how that goes.

Senior Spring!

Senior Spring! I’ve never really understood the appeal of beach vacations. I spend a day relaxing and then have to recover from the effort of recuperation with hiking or museum visits or at least some shopping. But this vacation and IAP, I did my best to take it easy. That’s the wonderful thing about IAP-you operate at your own level. Want to go abroad or do an externship or be on campus and take classes and do a million things? You can. Or, you can stay home. It’s whatever you need to be ready for another semester. After three and a half jam-packed years at MIT (including IAPs), I came back to campus for track practice with no other plans except to read and bake and watch TV and enjoy Boston. I did however, accomplish at least three things during IAP: 1.) Lots and lots of running. Indoor track season is in full swing and I’ve been kept passably sane by practice and meets and hanging out with the team. (Seriously, it’s no wonder the “Yellow Wallpaper” woman went mad. The line between relaxation and soul-crushing boredom is shakier than you’d expect). 2.) Watched the entire series of Veronica Mars and a couple seasons of Buffy . Gotta love shows with witty butt-kicking blondes, right? Also, big question for Buffy fans re: Faith’s accent. Where is she supposed to be from? She sounds like she’s trying for Canadian but got lost somewhere around theater-class New Yorker. 3.) Had a cliche rom-com revelation witha blondie recipe? Stay with me here: hard-working girl is happy with her life but has been so focused on her career (or you know, school) she doesn’t realize what she’s missing(love, or baked goods) until she meets a guy (or a recipe) who opens her eyes (to the miracle powers of browned butter). Click here for the recipe. (Substitute white chocolate chips for toffee and your life will be changed forever). Also the previous only works if you say it in one of those movie-trailer voices. I also inadvertently stumbled upon the hummus taste-off (link!) . If you didn’t think hummus could get any better, I present unexpected, free, hummus, in large quantities. It was pretty neat-three different companies came and had samples and there was a huge taste-off where people could make their own or just come and vote on their favorites. To me it was the epitome of IAP-random, awesome, and delicious. But now it’s Registration Day eve and all of a sudden I have to go to school again! Weird (in an exciting, good kind of way). Here’s what I’ve got in my final (!) semester at MIT: 20.380- Biological Engineering Design. This is Course 20’s senior design class-in lieu of a thesis we work in groups over the course of a semester to propose a drug/device to investigate/treat biological systems/diseases. Last year the seniors studied inflammation and worked in groups on projects about cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and I’m excited to hear what our topics will be. German II-Unlike any of my Course 20 classes, the title of this class is pretty self-explanatory. MISTI , MIT’s amazing internship abroad program allows recent grads to participate, and depending on the start date for my job, I might go to Germany. MISTI is very popular-my friends have gone to Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Japan and have all absolutely loved it. The MISTI people help you find work and help arrange travel and housing. There are language requirements, but they vary by country; I took German I first semester and liked it so even if I can’t do MISTI I’m looking forward to this class. 21L.702 Studies in Fiction: Jane Austen’s Reading List. Last spring I took Professor Perry’s Jane Austen class and it was the highlight of my semester. The lit classes I’ve taken at MIT have been hands down my favorites. I’ve also been on a British lit kick lately so I’m particularly excited for this one. Should be a pretty good semester. I’m going to try to keep myself not too busy and just enjoy my classes and track, but we’ll see how that goes.

Bipolar Disorder Essay - 923 Words

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is often considered a hereditary disease. According to the National Mental Health Association (2001) a specific genetic link to bipolar disorder has not been found. Studies show that 80 to 90 percent of those who suffer from bipolar disorder have relatives with some form of depression (NIMH, 2001). Bipolar disorder is a mental illness involving one or more episodes of serious mania and depression which causes individuals to feel an euphoric type high or feeling really low. Over 2.5 million people in America have bipolar disorder. This disorder usually occurs during adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Although, young children can be diagnosed†¦show more content†¦In order to diagnose an individual with a certain bipolar disorder, an individual would have to have signs and symptoms that are listed in the criteria of mania, depressive, mixed, or hypomaniac episodes. According to the DSM-IV criteria, â€Å"Mania episodes â€Å" are distinctive periods of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary) ( Keck McElroy, 2002 ). During the period of mood disturbance, three or more of the following symptoms have persisted ( fur if the mood is only irritable) and have been present to a significant degree: inflated self-esteem, racing thoughts, more talkative, easily distracted, increase in goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in activities that have high potential for painful consequences.† Manic episode can lead to troubled relationships, poor school/job performance, harm of self and others and problems with an individuals social life. The second type of episode is called Major Depressive Episode, which symptoms must have been present five or more times during a two week period and show a change of usability to function as previously. Symptoms consist of being depressed nearly everyday, decrease in interest or activities, dramatic weight loss, insomnia or hypersomnia,Show MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar Disorder† Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness, which involves hypomanic episodes, which are changes in someone’s usual mood. Originally, Bipolar Disorder was called manic depression because it does share similar symptoms with people diagnosed with depression. Bipolar Disorder is a severe condition because it can cause mania, which then causes hallucinations and paranoid rage. (Bipolar Disorder) Bipolar Disorder is classified into two categories, bipolar type 1 and bipolar type 2. BipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )829 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is an often devastating mental illnesses, with high emotional, social and economic impact on the lives of patients and family members [Jin and McCrone, 2015; Miller et al., 2014]. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in developing diagnostic methods for reliably diagnosing severe bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder type I) and some related bipolar â€Å"spectrum† disorders (bipolar type II disorder), and there has also been recent progress in identifying some of the geneticRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )956 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that effects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first fully understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categories. The National InstituteRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1010 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction/Overview of Condition Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) characterized by dramatic mood â€Å"swings† between manic and depressed states. In their manic states, individuals experience an abnormally elevated mood characterized by extreme, grandiose gestures and ideas, inflated self-esteem, lack of sleep, constant talking, distractibility, poor judgement, and even aggression (Griggs). Individuals can be characterized as having either a hypomanic episode or a manic episodeRead MoreBipolar And Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1397 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar robs you of that which is you. It can take from you the very core of your being and replace it with something that is completely opposite of who and what you truly are† (A. Reyan 2015). Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that alters a person’s life, they can never go back to who they were before. â€Å"It is estimated that more than 10 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder† (everydayhealth.com 2015). Bipolar disorder is broken down into two types; bipolar I and bipolar II disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1536 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder has been gaining more and more attention over the last few years. With shootings on the rise, or at least the publicity of them, people are often pointing their fingers at mental diseases including bipolar disorder. An ongoing issue regarding mental illnesses, however, is the population has failed to fully understand what they truly are, the symptoms, and how to treat them. Bipolar disorder, which is commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a disorder within the brainRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1447 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness in which common emotions become intensely and often unpredictably magnified. Individuals with bipolar disorder can quickly swing from extremes of happiness, energy and clarity to sadness, fatigue and confusion. Bipolar disorder more commonly develops in older teenagers and young adults; it can appear in children as 6. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown; there are two types of this disease: Types of the bipolar disorder: People with bipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder Research Paper What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categoriesRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1541 Words   |  7 PagesManic depression, also known as Bipolar Disorder is not your normal up and down mood change; it’s not like what most people experience, getting a little sad and getting over it. Instead it is extreme mood swing that â€Å"usually going from EXTREMLY happy to EXTREMLY angry† also include emotional highs and lows such as, depression and mania. Mood changes can happen as little as a few times a year or as often as several times a week; it depends on the person and thei r environment. At times, you feel veryRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar ) Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder or manic-depressive disorder is a disorder characterized by highs, manias, and lows, depressions, and can therefore be easily distinguished from unipolar depression, a major depressive disorder in DSM-5, by the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes (Miklowitz Gitlin, 2014). Bipolar disorder is generally an episodic, lifelong illness with a variable course (American Psychiatric Association, 2010). There are two classifications of bipolar disorder; bipolar I disorder and bipolar

Langston Hughess poems, I Too and The Negroes Speaks of Rivers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 699 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Langston Hughes Essay Did you like this example? After the horrors of World War I (1914-19), many people questioned their society and beliefs. This becomes the catalyst for the Modernist movement in literature. This includes a break from tradition, and strong reactions toward political, social views. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Langston Hughess poems, I Too and The Negroes Speaks of Rivers" essay for you Create order Not only does anger and rebellion appear but sadness and stories of despair and struggle people have been through appears. Writer langston Hughes was born in missouri but grew up in a broke family constantly moving. He held many small jobs to keep a living and soon started writing poetry. His poems told stories of his people in ways that reflected their actual culture, including both their suffering and their love of music, laughter, and language itself. Langston Hughes reflections of celebration of African American culture, influence of jazz, and ideas of equality in his literature not only contributed to Modernist writing through its style and ideas, but also used as a political statement at the time. Langston Hughess poems, I Too,and The Negroes Speaks of Rivers, illustrates the celebration of African American culture incorporated in Hughes writing. Modernist writing focuses on the break of culture and celebration of African American culture. For example, Hughes poem I Too demonstrates that patriotism is not based on race. Hughes focuses on a darker brother, one who gets sent away when company comes, but eats well and grows strong (Hughes). The words, sent away illustrates how African Americans were treated and degraded by others. Although this is combated by the phrase, eats well and grows strong which portrays the African Americans still grow and can be one who loves America too. Given this information one can realize that through Hughes writing he is depicting African American life but also celebrating all they have accomplished in America. Furthermore, Hughes poem The Negroes Speaks of Rivers, was not only his first mature poem but also is also his most anthologized poem. Wri tten in 1921 for the Crisis magazine The Negroes Speaks of Rivers emphasizes that, Ive known rivers: Ive known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins (Hughes.) On a figurative level, the poem speaks off the wiseness and hollowness of the African Americans and their culture. Given this information readers can infer that Africans knowledge for centuries emphasized in the poem celebrates them in a more abstract way. Many of Hughes works celebrated African American culture in a very direct way but others in a more abstract way. Hughes not only impacted celebration of African AMerican culture in his writing but also influenced jazz during this era. He influenced jazz through his poems such as Weary Blues and his essay, Jazz As Communication. Hughes was among the first to use jazz rhythms and dialect to depict the life of urban blacks in his work. In Weary Blues it has a set of two voices, one being the man observing and the other being the Negro being observed singing his blues. The man observing recollects, I heard a Negro play. In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan Aint got nobody in all this world And put ma troubles on the shelf (Hughes). The words, melancholy tone exhibit the type of sad music the man was playing. Knowing this the reader can infer what jazz music was based around in the Harlem renaissance. Jazz was influenced by not only sadness but also could be upbeat. Not only did Hughes portray the themes of sadness but like in his poem Harlem night Club he illustrates the more upbeat side of Jazz. Hughes writing highlights political statements, and influenced modernist writing. From this, he developed a style that celebrated African American culture, influenced jazz, and portrayed ideas of equality. It comes to no shock that because of the hardships of World War I these ideas of questioning society would appear in the writing. For people in the 1920s the writing style as well as society changes in their midst. Although this is not bad because they were introduced to new styles, music, and beliefs. So just as beliefs changed so will the type of writing that they will read.

Comparing Military Medicines Of Ancient Rome And Medieval...

When comparing military medicines of Ancient Rome and Medieval and Renaissance, a soldier in Ancient Rome had a better chance of surviving injuries than a soldier in later eras. Due to Ancient Rome’s outstanding medical innovations, their hygienic practices, precise surgeries and medicines. When discussing about ancient times a general assumption would be that people back then didn’t live a sanity life, especially soldiers due to them being in various battles and being afflicted with painful injuries. However, in Ancient Rome it was the opposite due to the development of medicine and military medicine during the Ancient Rome was the highest point it attained in the ancient world . The importance of hygiene was a big factor. They maintained their clean lifestyle with the use of complex sewer systems, supply of fresh water, varied diets, health inspections, regular baths, monitoring food supplies, sanitary latrines, cremation and camp walls; a Roman soldier lived almost five years longer than a normal citizen . A soldier’s wellbeing and cleanliness was very high maintained. Daily washing of equipment, bath and exercises were mandatory for soldiers, a healthy environment was needed to achieve such. Using the advice of Varro, whose theory of contagion is similar to the germ theory introduced in the 19th century, Roman forts and camps were never close to swamps and standing water , the Romans in fact designed buildings and roads so that rainwater pouringShow MoreRelatedAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagesincreasingly worse over time 9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible by * Rise in agricultural production 10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of the * Hebrews 11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped by * The social standing of the accused 12. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are creditedRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficino’s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 118). The Picatrix is mentioned by Johannes Trithemius in Book 2 of his notorious Steganographia (1500) and in his Antipalus Maleficiorum (c. 1500). One copy (British Library, Sloane manuscript 3679) passedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesWineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American HistoryRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesit wouldnt be logical to believe it. Why not? Here are three reasons: (1) Bombers cant fly to the moon, (2) no one is going to bust the national budget to send one there by rocket ship, and (3) there arent any alien-piloted UFOs that snatch military antiques. The principle behind this logical reasoning is: Use your background knowledge and common sense in drawing conclusions. The second choice is correct. From what else the friend says, you should be able to tell he was being sarcastic

The Chivalrous Ideal and Courtly Love free essay sample

The chivalrous ideal and courtly love in the English Medieval Period Sir Gawain and The Wife of Bath Research paper by Alina Mais Understanding the terms â€Å"chivalry† and â€Å"love† as portrayed in the English Medieval Period A quick search of the English dictionary serves us an explanation of â€Å"chivalry† as firstly used to simply indicate a body of knights or horsemen equipped for battle. Secondly, it is employed in the sense of knighthood in the abstract; knighthood as a class or order; the position and quality of a knight. Thirdly, â€Å"chivalry† is used in a broader sense to include the whole knightly system of the later Middle Ages, with its particular religious, moral social codes and traditions. Professor Hearnshaw of London University quotes, in his study on chivalry, two French historians which state that â€Å"chivalry was a system which modified and completed feudalism. It was not an institution, but an ethical and religious association, shedding a ray of ideal beauty through a society corrupted by anarchy. (Bemont and Monod, Medieval Europe ) Whether or not this ideal was brought to real life is a matter that I will not insist upon in this particular study. It is suffice to say that even the Church itself was infected at the time with blatant immorality. My self- proposed quest, further in my research, is to demonstrate how much of this ideal can be uncovered in Sir Gawain. The matter of â€Å"true love† as we have grown to know nowadays is far from being valid in the Medieval Period, adultery being one of its main characteristics. To better understand such a concept I have turned to Andreas Capellanus’ â€Å"The Art of Courtly Love† in which he starts with the definition of love as being â€Å"a certain inborn suffering derived from the sight of the opposite sex, which causes each one to wish above all things the embraces of the other and by common desire to carry out all of love’s precepts in the other’s embrace. † The â€Å"precepts† include jealousy and adultery, love and marriage were sadly divorced. The emergence of Gallantry Gallantry, in the erotic sense of the term, that ultimately led to establish courtly love, was the last component that completed chivalry. At first the military monks were, much in theory, devoted to the Virgin Mary and to veneration of the holy women of the calendar. Their mission towards the ordinary woman was solely to protect from the violence and ferocity of outlaws of that time. Fast forwarding to less stressful times after the conflicts between feudalized Christendom and the hosts of its pagan invaders were settled, and we find that the fortress has become more of a home and a centre of social interaction. In this context, feminine graces had an opportunity to thrive. The position of women underwent a significant transformation due to the arrival of the well known romancers of those times – the troubadours, who altered the domestic life. They did so, not by influencing women to love and treasure their spouses but by encouraging them to love outside the sanctified contract. The troubadours considered marriage as an obstacle and could not have thought to break the bonds of feudal conventionality. Ladies were encouraged to seek and find the liberation of unlawful charm, and were benevolently initiated in the ways by which jealous husbands could be outsmarted and their predictable anger avoided. These so called rescuers of ladies provided, and openly recommended in ardent verse the paramour. Likewise, knights and squires were expected, as part of their chivalric obligation, to acquire the favour of a lady. Having won this favour they had to make it the primary priority of their lives. Chivalric gallantry , was therefore an enormous structure of bigamy, in which every lady was expected to have both a husband and a paramour; and every knight, besides the wife to whom for business reason he was bound, a ‘divine being’, whose demands he promptly acted upon. Although this behaviour was considered righteous, as Capellanus regarded the matter as making â€Å"a man shine with so many virtues and teaches everyone so many good traits of character† ; both poet of the Pearl and Chaucer have left us with illustrations that point out the erroneous conduct, one by suggesting the ideal manner of carrying out a temptation and one by mocking the reality of courtly love in a fabliaux type of way. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, particularly The Wife of Bath’s tale contradicts almost everything that the guidelines of Capellanus’ stand for. I will, as a secondary challenge for this research, try to put in plain words what were exactly those guiding principles that both the Wife of Bath and the wife of Bernlak, ignore. Rendering the chivalrous ideal in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight We have already acknowledged the three elements of Chivalry: war, religion and gallantry. Each of the three correspondingly underlined and acclaimed three values as vital to the true knight. The three primary virtues of Chivalry, based on its military character, were courage, loyalty and generosity. The three secondary virtues, developed from religion, were fidelity to the Church, obedience, and chastity. The three tertiary virtues, social in their spirit, were courtesy, humility, and beneficence. The ideal insisted on a truthfulness, a trustworthiness, and devotion to plighted word, a fidelity to commitment, from which no allurement of advantage and no plea of necessity could cause any digression. The Poet of Sir Gawain, undeniably an artist, has the evident intention of portraying his ideal Knight and this is obvious throughout the whole tale. Sir Gawain is the very gem of Medieval English romance, and perhaps it may not be too much to claim for it as high a place in medieval romance generally. Whereas for Chaucer, the poet of London, Arthurian romance was a thing of the past, for the West-Midland poet of the Pearl it was still a living source of inspiration. Whatever the material he utilized, he managed to impress by adding his own genius and personality. Gawain is depicted as the Christian Knight ; originally he may have been even the Knight of the Holy Grail. One of the most striking passages describes the knight’s shield, whereon was the pentangel, â€Å"the endless knot ; † And all these fives met in one man, Joined to each other, each without end, Set in five perfect points Wholly distinct, yet part of one whole And closed, wherever it end or begin. And so the pentangle glowed on his shield, Bright red gold across bright red stripes, The holy pentangle, as careful scholars Call it. (Part 2, ll. 656-665) and Gawain bore the image of the Virgin, that when he looked at it his strength might never be weaken. He is a gallant knight, a prince of nurture and courtesy, Lord! said Gawain. How lucky I am, Lady, not to be the knight you speak of: To take that kind of honor on my own Would be sinful; I know myself too well. By God, Id be glad, if it pleased you, to offer you Some different service, in word or deed To serve such excellence would be endless delight. (Part 3, 1241-1247) Fearless and undaunted ; yet in the end he fail s. To save his life he accepts from the temptress the magic girdle, and falsely conceals the gift. Gawain hesitated, his heart Reached for protection, like a thief for a gem: He could come to that chapel, and take that stroke, And with this glorious device walk off Unharmed. (Part 3, 1855-1859) He prevails, however, in that he has resisted the lady’s more critical trials, and has successfully gone through temptations, without puting in danger his ideals of chaste life. And here we have the poet’s lesson. â€Å" Life is aye sweet,† he wrote in another poem ; though Gawain erred in thus loving life, Im false, now, forever afraid Of bad faith and treachery: may trouble, may sorrow Come to them! Oh knight: I humbly confess My faults: bless me With the chance to atone. Ill try to sin less. (Part 4, ll. 382-2388) yet he passed unscathed through the greater danger. The poet exemplified through Gawain that the knight’s vows of chastity must be real, and that Gawain, pre-eminently gallant. To the poet of the Pearl, the ideal Knight must be spotless and undefiled. The glorification of English chivalry-its highest idealism-is set forth in this greatest of all the romances of chivalry. He belonges to a school of poets, who dedicated their genius to the teaching of high morality as the essence of true chivalry. The love of the beautiful enhances the poet’s love for what is goodly and righteous. The origin of some great Order of Chivalry may have been associated with the theme of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. At the end of the unique manuscript of the poem we have the famous motto â€Å"Honi soit qui mal pense †, as though to suggest that the story bore on the Order of the Garter. In a later version of the romance we are distinctly told that hence arose the Order of the Bath. We are perhaps justified in holding that not only did the poem commemorate the foundation of some great Order, but that the figure of Gawain was drawn, however flatteringly,from some notable contemporary. Courtly love as seen by Chaucer and The Pearl Poet The Gawain poet and Geoffrey Chaucer, as I have mention before, both examine and describe the reality in which courtly love’s guidelines are defied. Using satire, the Gawain poet discusses the expectations of courtly love through Gawains visit to the Green Knights castle, and Chaucer mocks the rules of courtly love in The Wife of Baths Tale. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain is presented as the typical, revered knight who bravely keeps his word and exemplifies the characteristics of courtly love. His reputation extends throughout the entire country, which is why he is so well received at the Green Knights home. The lady especially longed to look on the knight (Part 2, line 941), wanting to gaze at his handsome face and hear exquisite romantic words flow out of his mouth, as was expected from such a grand knight. She goes to his room, excited to pass an hour in pastime with pleasant words (Part 3, line 1253). The lady expects Gawain to woo her with praises of her beauty and morality, for surely someone as handsome as Gawain cannot help but dwell on thoughts of women and love all day and night. However, she is sorely disappointed and leaves musing, Now may the Giver of all good words these glad hours repay! / But our guest is not Gawain forgot is that thought (Part 3, lines1292-1293). In other words, since Gawain complemented her on nothing more than her courtesy and kindness of heart (Part 3, line 1267), it is not possible for him to be a glorious knight. The next day, the lady returns to Gawains room, hoping to hear the loving words she yearns for. But again, Gawain is coy and utters tries to carefully avoid her advances . Gawains attitude is out of the ordinary ‚ a knight normally flirts arrogantly and romances boldly. Gawains modest and humble attitude does not belong coupled with a knights strong body and insults the aggravated lady. She questions, Teach by some tokens the craft of true love. / How! Are you artless, whom all men praise? / Or do you deem me so dull, or deaf to such words? (Part 3, lines 1527-1529). The lady wonders if perhaps Gawain does not find her attractive enough and that is the reason he is not romancing her. According to courtly love, a man and a woman must be equally paired, and for Gawain to refuse to woo her is the equivalent to her not being good enough for him. On the third day, the lady once more approaches Gawain and declares, Who can be cold toward a creature so close by your side / Unless you have a sweetheart, once you hold dearer, / And allegiance to that lady so loyally knit / That you will never love another, as now I believe (Part 3, lines 1780, 1782-1784). Here, the lady proffers a last explanation as to Gawains lack of affection because another rule of courtly love states, No one can be bound by two loves (Capellanus). However, he has no lover, which is even harsher towards the lady because it insinuates that she is not lovable. Gawains actions completely bewilder the poor woman because they contradict everything that it is expected from courtly love. What is more, Gawain commits another faux pas by being lazy at the castle. While the master is out hunting from dawn to dusk, Gawain dallied at home all day with the dear ladies (Part 3, line 1560), which further reduce the expectations of courtly love attributes from Gawain. One of the most important duties of a knight is to always stay busy and active, performing heroic feats and proving how great they are. Through Gawains laziness, the poet is suggesting that a title alone does not equal moral achievement. And simply because Gawain wears armor does not ensure eloquent speeches of love. Despite the heavily important views of celebrated courtly love, the rules ironically are not explicitly followed by the honored knights and fair damsels. Similarly, Chaucer gives great insight on the rules of courtly love through The Wife of Baths Tale, in which a venerable knight rapes a young woman. This atroucious deed completely contrasts the actions of a moral knight, hinting again that morality is not inherited like wealth or a family name. The end of this tale also raises several interesting questions about the relationship between beauty and character. The knight promised the old woman he would do one thing for her, but when she proposes marriage, he protests rudely. My love, quod he. Nay, my dampnacioun! / Allas, that any of my nacioun / Sholde evere so foule disparaged be' (lines 1073-1075). The knight made a promise, and chivalry and keeping ones word go hand in hand with courtly love. However, marrying the old hag and jeopardizing his family line is against the rules of courtly love, because It is not proper to love one whom one would be ashamed to marry (Capellanus). The old woman is definitely below the knights social class and he does not hesitate in informing her of the thoughts on his mind. Thou art so lothly and so old also, / And therto comen of so lowe a kinde, / That litel wonder is though I walwe and winde. / So wolde God myn herte wolde breste! (lines 1106-1109). This harsh outburst explains that the woman would not just be a bane to his daily existence, but would essentially ruin his life and break his heart. The extent to which courtly love determined ones spouse forbids the marriage of this unlikely pair. Therefore, this moral dilemma raised by Chaucer forces the audience to decide which is better: keeping ones word or maintaining ones image? The old woman then explains, Crist wol we claime of him oure gentilesse, / Nat of oure eldres for hir heritage (lines 1123-1124). She continues that Christ should be the source of integrity, not ancestors. Ther shul ye seen expres that no drede is / That he is gentil that dooth gentil deedes (lines 1175-1176); in other words, a noble person is one who does noble deeds. Her speech leads to another very important aspect of courtly love, the control of the woman. Although the man in a relationship in the Middle Ages was in charge of the necessities like food and money, the woman was the head of the emoti onal relationship. The old ladys moving speech causes the knight to seriously reconsider his attitude and to later allow her to make the important decision of who she wants to be. Here, Chaucer is stressing that some aspects of courtly love are practical, like women dominating the emotional side of a partnership, while other rules assume too much, like saying a beautiful person obviously has great integrity. Although entertaining and humorous, both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Wife of Baths Tale serve a higher purpose by challenging courtly love. Hundreds of other pieces of literature exist to celebrate the union of dazzling princesses and gallant knights after trials and tribulations, but only a few discuss the practicality of courtly love and the confusion and dilemmas that ensue.

Family Rivalry free essay sample

Utter chaos and mayhem hardly describe the fights that my mom and I endure from each other on a weekly basis. For as long as I can remember, my mom and I have continuously engaged in fights. The root cause of our fights can be blamed on our radically different personalities. I consider my mom an extremely structured and organized person. She also happens to be an accountant, just to give a rough idea of what she’s like. I, on the other hand, demonstrate more impulsive and creative behavior. I enjoy partaking in activities in the spur of the moment. While these differences make us argue nearly every other day, I still respect and love my mother dearly. People are all different, that’s what makes this world so spectacular. If the whole world was exactly like one person, it would be a disaster. It takes all types of personalities to make a successful society work. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Rivalry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I respect my mom’s way of thinking because I can see that her way works. By saying organized, she can make her life less stressful and in turn, be happier. She also pays close attention to detail, and while this can become annoying at times, it can also potentially save my hide! What seems like verbal harassment to me, may just be lending out a helping hand to her. My mom would stop, examine every detail in my room, assign me with a task, and leave in an almost joyful manner, her voice seeming energetic and sweet. It’s all a matter of perspective. I have acknowledged this, I understand why my mom acts the way she does. Since I understand where she comes from, it makes me feel less angry towards her and helps me to accept her actions easier. No matter what happens between the two of us, we will continue still love each other. Even though we fight all the time, her presence has solved many of my personal conflicts. Having my mom around has proved a necessity to my household’s survival. I sometimes find myself wishing I could conduct myself in a structured manner like her. However, the work involved to maintain this would become too overwhelming for me. I am forced to go through life simply thanking the fact that people like my mom do exist instead of feeling the urge to become one myself. One has to take a step back and see everything for how it really is. It’s immature to label someone as an idiot because they share a different viewpoint than that of an individual! That’s almost communism! One must look at a problem from different angles to get a better understanding of where another individual comes from. By diversifying oneself with the opinions of the others, the best decisions of all time can be forged. Not only that, but since everyone else’s ideas were accounted for, chances appear excellent that the decision will become more widely accepted by others. To see the world through other people’s eyes is to become a great thinker. Break through the boundaries of just one mind and greatness can be achieved.

Health Care and Sociological Concepts Essays

Health Care and Sociological Concepts Essays Health Care and Sociological Concepts Essay Health Care and Sociological Concepts Essay Health Care and Sociological Concepts It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver. The American Health Care Industry is a very large social institution. The health care is the care, servicers, or supplies related to a person`s health. The three major sociological orientations are functionalist, conflict, and interactions; we will discuss each perspective as it pertains to the health care industry. Functionalism considers each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. On the other hand the perspective received criticism that, functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. While functionalism focuses on positive aspect of society, which contributes to its stability, the conflict perceptive focuses on the negative and ever-changing nature of society. Conflict theorist encourages social change and believes that rich and powerful people force social order on poor and weak. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its overly negative view of society. The theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society. The symbolic interactions, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. The American philosopher George H. Mead (1863–1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to the symbolic interactionisms perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Critics of this theory say that, symbolic interactions neglects the macro level of social interpretation- the â€Å"big picture. † In other words, symbolic integrationists’ may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the â€Å"trees†, rather than the â€Å"forest†. As we can see each perspective has its strengths and weaknesses, from high function to discrimination through social class, to stability and lack of accessibility. From functionalist perspective health care industry employees a large number of medical personal, it effectively replaces the personal, trains new recruits, provides important service to its members and it`s community, preserves order through strict regulations and operating procedures, and maintains its purpose through motivation for social change and charitable characteristics. The functional perspective emphasizes the contribution the health care industry makes to our societys overall stability. Health care provides basic protections against the spread of contagious diseases, maintains awareness of healthy practices, and contributes to the wellness of the community. Functionalists assume that everybody can afford the health care, it doesn`t acknowledge that a vast majority of American population can`t afford health insurance to cover their health care needs. Conflict perspective suggests that health care system can present as greed, economic influence, and unavailability to specific groups, or prejudice privilege provided to insured patients. Health care in USA is considered the most expensive care in the word, due to the high cost of health care people who don`t have health insurance can`t afford to pay for their medical needs. Medical care has become increasingly bureaucratic; many clinics and doctors offices are overwhelmed with paperwork and regulations which can prevent them effectively helping the ailing masses. Health insurance is used to supplement the outrageous cost of medical care and is out of reach to many United States residents. New data indicates 50. 7 million Americans are without private health care insurance and the outlook is grim due to the erosion of the economy and employer-based insurance plans. Federal programs attempt to provide basic or restricted coverage to the one out of every six Americans stretching the systems already limited resources. These constraints leave the uninsured with few choices, less comprehensive care, long wait times, and increased frustration within poor communities. Conflict theorist lack to see the progress that medicine has reached, life expectancy is higher, infant mortality rates are lower, the development of vaccines for many infectious diseases, allowing many people to live longer, and healthier lives. In last century the medicine reached unbelievable high`s, if in last century people where dyeing from tuberculosis, now we have the cure and control the diabetes. Even though there is a long way to go, today health care compare to the last centuries is more advanced and can diagnose and cure many times more than before. For example the technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although expensive and not accessible to everyone, who can benefit, have had major impact on healthcare system. The symbolic internationalists would be interested in the effects of limited health care on a micro level. Symbolic internationalists focus on how people experience the healthcare system on individual level. They focus on relationships between patients and physicians, such as how they interact, what they discuss, who leads the discussion, whether physician addresses all of the patient`s concerns, or only select ones and the outcomes for these interactions for the patient. Solution to any problem indentified would focus on this individual level. The specific communities most affected by health care coverage are the elderly, children, and people living below the poverty line. Symbolic interactionalist’s theorist would emphasize that our social behavior is influenced by the social roles we accept. By accepting that health care is difficult to obtain or the system unfairly represents wealthier patrons, the lower classes of people resort to alternate means including local clinics, alternative medicine, internet applications such as WebMD and other community resources. As the community of the uninsured grows as does the demand for centralized and government provided programs. The growing number of people requiring assistance will influence future legislation and can change public opinion on the necessity of adequate care for everyone, eventually lowering fatality rates and increasing public awareness on the importance of healthy families. Critics of the symbolic internationalism would argue this approach focuses too much attention to individual situations, rather than situations that are generalized to others. Symbolic internationalism also ignores the larger social forces at work, shaping social health issues (race, politics, poverty, etc. ). The strength and weakness of each perspective lies in its definition of the institution. The functionalist view shows us the power and influence the health care industry has on society, its ability to sustain itself and grow. The functionalist view does not specify how society does or does not benefit from the growing institution. The conflict perspective shows us the potential downfall of the industry, the alienation and lack of care for low-income or unemployed people. The perspective does not analyze the benefits organized health care provides but it can suggest areas needing reform. Internationalist`s show the impact of available health care on specific communities but it does not consider the wider implications of deficiency. As we can see no one prospective can fully explain all the social aspects of medicine. Each explains important information and different questions and solutions. Applying all these three perspectives to medicine allows as to see at the structure of medical care (functionalism), any issues of the power tension (conflict) and collective definition of the situation (interpretive). These way sociologists can understand the complexities and issues of the health care system, because each perspective compliments the other one, so looking at all three perspectives we can see the full picture. Our family can most closely identify with the conflict perspective because of the high unemployment rate in our area, the central valley of California. Although we do have medical insurance our rates have steadily increased over the last few years and our overall coverage has decreased. It is blatantly clear how difficult it would be to obtain adequate coverage if our employers were not providing it to us. We have friends who do not go the Dr. unless absolutely necessary and we support a generalized plan that would at least take care of children who can potentially spread viruses and diseases without prejudice to the surrounding population through their public access to schools.

Post-war Economy in Japan and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-war Economy in Japan and China - Essay Example General Douglas MacArthur held the fort of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP), thereby commencing the reformation process that was essential for rebuilding the devastated nation (Caprio & Sugita, 2007). MacArthur endorsed an extensive series of social, political, militaristic and economic reforms that got rid of the feudal society. In 1945, the International Allied Council for Japan, whose creation was essential for assisting the United States, presided over the disbanding of Japan’s naval and military forces (Dower, 2000). Conversely, the Council controlled the dissolution of the colonial empire that was still in existence in Japan. The occupation policy by the Americans was not only essential for demilitarizing the country, but it was vital for destroying the existing conditions that had made Japan into an aggressor country (Dower, 2000). It was necessary for America to destroy these conditions to transform Japan into a democratic and peaceful nation that could not threaten other countries or international peace. The most apparent changes experienced were political. The political democratization focused on revising the Meiji constitution, leading to the promulgation of a new constitution in 1947 (Dower, 2000). Apart from expanding the electorate to accommodate every adult, including women, the new constitution guaranteed the citizens fundamental political and civil rights. Other guaranteed rights were inclusive of the rights to collective bargaining and the right of labor. Economically, America instituted land reforms, which was an essential consideration that could support the political changes made. The provision took away land from big landowners, thereby distributing the large tracts to the farmers who constituted approximately 50% of the labor force in the country (Dower, 2000). The Japanese inhabitants welcomed the changes implemented.

Electronic money challenges and solutions Essay

Electronic money challenges and solutions - Essay Example As Bill Gate, the founder of Microsoft puts it: E-payment or electronic payment is a technique of making transactions over the internet or some other electronic system. The transaction takes place in the form of secure data transfer from one end to the other. The greatest advantage of an e-payment based transaction is the speed with which the transaction gets completed. Other benefits include the ease with which the transaction can be completed; the users do not have to be physically present to make these transactions and in fact, both buyers and sellers can meet in the electronic market to make electronic transactions using electronic money. There are various forms of e-payment systems that are in use nowadays. These include credit cards, debit cards, online transfers, wire transfers, e-money like Pay Pal, and other modes through which people make payments over the web. Most of these systems are based on a ID and password system to protect against unauthorized usage. With an increase in the magnitude of online applications and systems, there is a growing threat of security issues, vulnerabilities and exposure on the use of electronic transmission, and internet based systems. This has been a concern for companies, individuals, government and law enforcement agencies. Doing transactions online means making payments for the goods and services that are purchased; this leads to a need for developing a mechanism to make these 'e-payments'. This further translates into developing and implementing a security process to ensure that these transactions are carried out keeping the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the systems intact. An e-transaction is as susceptible to fraud as any other transaction, if not more. The fraudsters are many in the electronic world, are dispersed all round the globe, have update knowledge and expertise about the systems and computers, and are attacking to gain access to, and in many cases, to use the identity, fun ds and communication of a person in illegal, unethical and undesired way. 2.1 Security Issues for E-Money and E-Payment Systems Security of electronic money refers to establishing the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information when it is passed through the electronic system. Some security requirements for an electronic money transfer system are outlined below (British Standards, 2006, p.3): Confidentiality - ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access to it. Integrity - safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods Availability - ensuring that authorized users have access to information and associates assets when required Authenticity - information should be available to sender and recipient, who must prove their identities to each other Non-repudiation - assurance/ proof that the transmitted message was indeed received (ECD, 2007). 3. Key Challenges and Recommendations for Electronic Payment Systems A description of specific risks and challenges of online transactions is provided below. 3.1 Privacy and

Renewable Energy in India

Renewable Energy in India As a developing country with the worlds second highest population, India is facing nationwide shortage in power supply. It is very essential to make optimum use of all available resources of power inside the nation and thus found that the New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) can contribute significantly towards power generation in forthcoming years. Development of new technology and advancement in this sector has lead to commercialization of numerous NRSE technologies. This sector has also got an advantage of reducing pollution and creating awareness of the necessity to reduce carbon emissions to protect the environment. Recognizing the importance of renewable energy sources, the Government of India set up a fully fledged independent department named Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources in 1982 and later on the name converted into the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in the year 1992. MNRE acts as the nodal agency of the Government of India for all matters r elating renewable energy. It undertakes policy making, planning, promotion and co-ordination functions relating to all aspects of renewable energy. New reports states that India is the fourth largest nation in installed power generation capacity in the field of renewable energy sources with a total capacity of 17,594 MW. Wind, Solar, Hydro, Biomass and Geothermal are main renewable energy sources and India has high potential of these resources to exploit. Power generation from wind and solar energy resources has posted enormous growth in recent years. India became favorite destination for renewable energy technology developers, equipment manufacturers and service providers. Certain measures are adopted by the Government of India for the eradication of power poverty, commercial exploitation of renewable energy resources by ensuring affordability and availability as well. The estimated potential of renewable energy in the country is around 85,000 MW from commercially exploitable sources. Whereas wind resources accounts to 45,000 MW, small hydro projects dominates 15,000 MW and 25,000 MW from biomass/bio energy sources. It is calculated that India has the potential to generate 35 MW/Km2 with the use of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal energy. The main resources of renewable energy in India are as follows: Wind Energy Solar Energy Hydro Power Bio-mass Geothermal Energy Tidal energy Wind Energy. With reference to the world wind energy report-2009, India has the 5th largest installed wind power capacity in the world following USA, China, Germany and Spain. India is the second largest wind energy market in Asia, with a growth rate of 14% reaching a capacity of 11 GW. India became a global player in wind energy sector in the past few years and expected to expand modest growth in the future with the strong domestic market. The idea of wind power in India developed in 1990s, and has achieved significant and tremendous growth within the last two decades. The performance and reliability of wind related power increased the installation of more wind turbines across the country and now it became a capacity addition of energy in Indian subcontinent. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Andaman Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are the Indian states/union territories with high potential of wind energy utilization. At the end of March 2010, Tamil Nadu is having the most wind generating capacity of 4889.765 MW and Muppandal wind farm of Tamil Nadu is the largest in India. Suzlon holds 52% of domestic market share, is the largest wind power company in India. In addition to this Suzlon has risen to worlds 5th largest with 12.3% of the global market share. The Indian wind market achieved quality growth with the government incentives and new policy of GBI (Generation Based Incentive) scheme that helped foreign and domestic private power producers and investors to establish large-scale, commercial wind plants across the country. Turbine technology is improving, that may contribute to higher capacity utilization of wind in future. The modern wind turbines produced in India with foreign collaboration have capacities more than 1 MW and they are highly efficient for a tropical country like India. The country has an advantage in the installation of offshore wind plants with 7,600 km of coast. The concept of wind farm became popular with the higher efficiencies and availability due to the development of wind turbine technology over the last decade. Recent studies shows that wind energy can be combined with solar for the generation of self- sustainable renewable energy projects. The relative immaturity of this sector may not be sustainable with the strong economics of wind energy. India is renowned as wind superpower with an installed potential of 4500MW from thirteen states. Solar Energy India is blessed with rich solar energy resource due to its geographical location. It is calculated that the average intensity of solar radiation obtained on Indian subcontinent is 200 MW/km2 and this amounts to 657.4 Million Mega Watts of energy for the whole 3,287 million square kilometer. By considering these characteristics India can generate enormous amount of energy from this resource and it would be likely thousand times greater than the electricity demand in 2015 even with the theoretical assumption of 10% efficiency for photo voltaic modules. Considering these potentials the country is emerging as a strong hub for solar energy production. The amount of solar energy produced in India is very less when compared to other resources of energy and this accounts to merely 0.4%. As of October 2010 the grid-interactive solar power was about 114.74 MW. Report says that India is currently ranked number one along with the United States in terms of installed solar power generation capacity. The applications of solar energy is active in the fields of telecommunications, lighting, water heating, battery charging, cooking and other small power requirements. Today there is some14-15 lakhs of solar photo voltaic systems in operation and around 6 lakhs solar cookers in use and an area of around 200,000M2 has been developed for solar water heating applications. The present scenario of installed capacity is around 33-35 grid interactive solar photovoltaic power plants with an aggregate capacity of around 2-2.5 MW, that generate around 2.5 million units of electricity per annum, in sharp contrast to the estimated potential of 50,000 MW Solar energy is a perfect alternative for conventional energy in the case of domestic and industrial applications, with an advantage of minimum maintenance and maximum viability. Government of India promoting the installation of new solar and other renewable energy projects by giving tax incentives and rebates. The government of India proposed some large projects in solar energy sector, in cooperation with some private investors. Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 Giga watts and it would be the next generation powerhouse of India. The ministry for new and renewable energy aims to bolster the annual photovoltaic production to at least 1,000 megawatts a year by 2017, as part of the National Solar Mission. It is estimated that the power generation capacity in India would have to increase to 306 GW in the next ten years in order to sustain an average growth rate around 10%. India unveiled a $19 billion plan, to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020.Under the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government buildings including hospitals and hotels. On November 18, 2009, it was reported that India was ready to launch its National Solar Mission under the national action plan on climate change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. Recent developments in technology made solar power as a clean renewable; zero emission resource harvested using a variety of modern devices. Developed countries like USA Australia are switching over to solar energy as their main source of energ y production. 3.3. Hydropower India was one of the pioneers in the establishment of hydro based electric power plants. Presently India ranks 5th worldwide in terms of exploitable hydro-potential and is also enriched with a large potential of hydro power, of which only around 20% has been utilized so far. It is the most abundant and widely used form of renewable energy in the Indian subcontinent. Electricity is generated in hydro power plants through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. The hydro electricity is considered as a clean and renewable source of energy but it also have some bad effects in environment clearance due to the large pondage area. About 21% of the electric power consumed in India is generated by hydro electric plants. As of November 2010, the installed hydro power capacity was around 37,400 MW. The public sector has a major share of 97% in this sector. It is clear from the information given by NHPC (National Hydro electric Power Cooperation) that Economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1, 48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. Thus, in totality India is enriched with hydro-potential of about 2 50 000 MW. The hydro power project t in Darjeeling and Shivanasamudra was established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and was one of the first of that kind in Asia. The Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) of Himachal Pradesh is the largest hydro power plant in India, with an installed capacity of 1,530MW. It has been estimated that the potential for small hydropower schemes up to 25 MW are under Ministry of Non-Conventional Sources of energy capable of generating 15000 MW per annum. 3.4. Biomass Biomass is defined as A renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. This can be derived from a number of sources like; agricultural/crops, raw material from the forest, household waste and even with the by-products from the timber industry. There is a sort of high potential of biomass energy available in the country at about 540 million tonnes/year covering resources such as agro residues, firewood, and other organic wastes. These kinds of resources are mainly utilized by the people of villages and rural areas of the country. The potential to install 19500 MW capacities through biomass conservation technologies like combustion, gasification, incineration and also bagasse has been rectified. This sector is in lack of technological advancement and proper utilization so that India could only tap around 380 MW capacities so far. There is a wide scope for the utilization of these resources for the benefit of rural population in the remote areas of India. India ranks 2nd in the utilization of biomass based power generation with an ideal environment of water based vegetation as well as organic wastes. Today bio energy has became an essential add up to Indias energy mix with the favorable climatic conditions. As on October 2010, the cumulative installed capacity of grid-interactive biomass and bagasse cogeneration power was 2313.33 MW. Bio mass sector attracted an investment worth USD 120 million providing vast employment opportunities to village men and also generating an amount of 5,000 million units of electricity in every year. As per the notification in 11th plan period the Government of India plans to add as much as 1700 MW through biomass and bagasse cogeneration in various states. Various promotional policies in the form of incentives, financial assistance, concessions and duty exemption are available for biomass power projects. In addition to these, SERC (State Electricity Regulatory Commission) IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency) provides capital subsidies and loans for the setting up of biomass based units. In present day scenario, biomass utilization for generation of energy has gained momentum due to the scarcity of the conventional energy resources as well as to prevent environment from GHG emissions. The development of efficient biomass handling technology, improvement and establishment of small and large-scale biomass-based power plants can play a major role in rural development. The orientation on green power marketing will leads to tremendous growth of the bio energy industry in the future. 3.5. Geothermal energy According to the geological, geochemical, shallow geophysical and shallow drilling data, it is predicted that India has a great potential of geothermal power about 10600 MW. This can be economically harnessed for various purposes including industrial and domestic applications. India holds 15th rank in the utilization and applications of geothermal power when comparing to other leading countries. India will need to depend more on renewable and eco-friendly energy sources in coming days due to the increasing environmental problems and cost with fossil fuel as well as nuclear based projects. Geothermal energy is the natural heat available inside the core of earth. This energy is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process similar to drilling for oil. Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean and reliable. Rocks covered on the surface of India ranging in age from more than 4500 million years to the present day and distributed in different geographical units. Geological survey of India has been identified more than 300 hot spring locations suited for geothermal utilization. Geothermal power projects in India have not been exploited at all due to the abundant supply of coal at comparatively cheap rates. Some of the potential sites for geo thermal in India are listed below Puga Valley-Jammu Kashmir Tatapani-Chhattisgarh Godavari Basin Manikaran-Himachal Pradesh Bakreshwar-West Bengal Tuwa-Gujarat Jalgaon-Maharashtra Unai-Maharashtra India will further strengthen its clean energy portfolio with geothermal energy and open the gates for more investments in the future. The MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) of India is moving forward with geothermal and other renewable energy sources by the implementation of research, development and demonstration program. Tidal energy The geographical location of India is most favorable for harnessing tidal energy as the country is surrounded by sea on three sides. Government of India took some initiative for the tidal power development and certain places with potentials have also been located. The most favorable locations are the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kachchh on the coastal area of Gujarat state. The maximum tidal range in these proposed sites are 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal also has a very good potential for small scale power projects. As per the surveys and data available, the economic tidal power potential in India is of the order of 8000-9000 MW with about 7000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay about 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kachchh and less than 100 MW in Sundarbans. The proposed project of Kachchh with an installed capacity of about 900 MW is able to generate electricity at about Rs. 0.9/unit. With reference to the recent data available, the first tidal project of India is coming up in Durgaduani Creek of the Sundarbans. The project is aimed on technology demonstration with a capacity of 3.75MW, span over an area of 4.5 KM. Structure of Indian Power Industry Indian power industry comprises of various governmental bodies in charge of installation, generation and supply of electricity. Public owned State Electricity Boards (SEB) is the controlling agency for planning and implementing the power development programmes in their respective states, with major input from resources inside the state. These state level electricity boards are controlled and co-ordinate by the central ministry of power. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) along with its subsidiaries is in charge of managing all renewable energy projects in India. Ministry of Power: The whole public and private power producers of conventional energy in the country is monitored and managed by this central ministry, previously known as Ministry of Energy. This central agency comprised of separate departments for power, coal and nuclear sources of energy. Ministry of Power is an independent government body with the functions of planning and strategizing the Indian power policies projects. Monitoring power companies, power production plants, power generation and solving the issues of shortfall etc are the responsibilities of this department. The funds are generated by the ministry of government for the public enterprises with the aid of public issues, global funds and international agencies like World Bank, Asian Development Bank etc. The Power Finance Corporation of India provides funds to major projects in power production, transmission and supply of electricity. The Ministry of Power, India is coordinated by the subsidiary organizations in all economic and technical aspects. The subsidiary organizations are as follows: Central Electricity Authority (CEA) National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) National Hydro Electric Corporation (NHEC) Power Finance Corporation of India (PFCI) Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPC) Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (THDC) Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (Power Grid India) Power Trading Corporation (PTC) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) The generation of electricity in India is based on various sources include thermal power, hydropower, solar power, biogas energy, wind power etc. The distribution of the generated power is committed by Rural Electrification Corporation for electricity power supply to the rural areas, North Eastern Electric Power Corporation for electricity supply to the North East India regions and the Power Grid Corporation of India Limited for an all India supply of electrical power in India. Thermal Power: Generated through the burning of fossil fuels, coal forms a majority share of the source of electricity generation in Indian subcontinent. The generated power from various thermal power stations situated across the country linked through power grids for the distribution. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) is responsible for the countrywide operations of thermal power. Hydroelectricity: National Hydro Electric Power Corporation (NHPC) operates hydro electric power plants and power generation companies. Generation of electricity through the kinetic energy of flowing water has been utilizing in Indian land for many years till date. Wind Power: The high potential of wind energy in India encouraged the government to utilize this natural source of energy. Huge wind farms for the tapping of wind energy have been set up by the government to meet the future energy requirement Solar Power: Installation of massive solar panels is being very common in the country, for the utilization of large scale solar energy. Small industrial and domestic applications can be meet with this form of energy. This sector is achieving a high growth with the new government initiatives. Nuclear Power: The energy generated from huge nuclear plants and power stations are making the path for industrial development in India. Nuclear fuels are the source of energy production in these plants. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCL) manages all nuclear power plants and distributing generated power under the nuclear project scheme.

Doris Lessings The Fifth Child Essay -- Doris Lessing Fifth Child Ess

In her novel The Fifth Child, published in 1988, Doris Lessing examines how one couple’s search for happiness has tragic implications. In this case, the couple, David and Harriet, and the family are slowly destroyed by the presence of the fifth child, Ben, who is unattractive, shows no emotions or attachments to other people, and is destructive. The other children in the family seem to be able to cope on a normal, socially acceptable level, but Ben never seems to be able to grasp acceptable behavior. Significantly, the novel never explains the cause of Ben’s abnormalities. While Lessing does not supply the reader with a cause, one explanation I found is in psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, is explicit in his belief that neuroses, some of which are displayed by Ben, are generally developed in childhood and that they are the result of problems in the relationship between the child and the parents. This is clearly seen when he writes, â₠¬Å"’The complicated emotional relation of children to their parents – what is known as the Oedipus complex†¦was the nucleus of every case of neurosis’ (25 Nicholi).† In what follows, I will show that the cause of Ben’s lack of development and social psychoses is caused by the way he is treated by his parents. Early in the novel we are told that Harriet and David meet at a business party and they quickly realize they are ideally suited for each other. They soon marry and settle into a beautiful suburban home. They are also quick to begin their family, having first a son, then two daughters, and another son. Their large country home becomes the center of family gatherings and parties, which Harriet particularly enjoys. She is worn out from her four young chi... ...normal and pathological. While it is clear from a psychoanalytic standpoint that Ben’s condition is a result of his parent’s lack of love and nurturing, it is also important to look at what caused Harriet and David to treat Ben this way. In trying to form a perfectly happy life, they failed to account for things that were out of their control. They initially blamed the close ages of their children and Ben’s disposition, but it seems that their resentment of Ben came from a deeper resentment of their own unfulfilled dreams of perfection. As their lives became less perfect, indeed, increasingly chaotic and tragic, they treated Ben with less love. Harried and David, and their four other children, may have had a better chance for happiness if Harriet and David had not made such an attempt to achieve, and even force, a happiness that was absolutely perfect.

Impact of Violence in Movies and Video Games on Children

Impact of Violence in Movies and Video Games on Children Television and video games have become more violent in content. We have become desensitized to the graphic violence we are exposed to via television and video games. We have grown so use to viewing media with this type of content that it no longer phases us, and it almost seems normal. Violence can be found in everything from children’s cartoons with violent humor to video games that encourage players to kill opponents to advance to the next level.Studies show that children exposed to violence may be more aggressive. When children view violence as a way to solve problems, it can lead to bullying and an irrational view of how to resolve conflict. Studies have also showed that children exposed to violence can experience anxiety and the perception that the world is an evil place. Expert’s opinions Clearly there is no shortage of opinions on the impact of violent media on children.A report published by the surgeon gen eral back in 2001 pointed to a steady increase in youth violence for a decade from 1983 to 1993 with a quote â€Å"The report found strong evidence that exposure to violence in the media can increase children's aggressive behavior in the short term and concluded: Research to date justifies sustained efforts to curb the adverse effects of media violence on youths. † Surgeon General, 2001, p. 87). 10 years later, the issue and supporting studies have only increased.As one would expect there is an unbalance between information and studies available to compare with the negative impact side acquiring an overwhelming majority. Schneider Family Services Company director, Gina Simmons, states that a 1999 national study reported that an average American child spends 40 hours per week viewing various forms of media like TV, media, and video games. When these children complete elementary school this equates to them having seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of various violence.In addition Simmons references a July 2000 joint statement of six professional associations that concur there are more than 1,000 studies connecting media violence and aggression in children (Simmons, 2008, p. 1). Although Craig A. Anderson, a media violence researcher and a chair of Iowa State University’s Department of Psychology agrees that the abundance of violent video games tend to have negative effects on children’s behavior and states that â€Å"It’s Society, not science, that must decide how to deal with the negative effects of violent video games. † In contrast he also recognizes some positive influences from today’s video games.Anderson recognizes that most interactive games now require and include complex problem-solving skills. As well as referencing a flight simulator game he bought his son, which allowed him to develop skills used in NASA summer camp that amazed the camps staff (Hoerrner & Hoerrner, 2006). Analyzing and Contrasting From the surgeon general noting increases in violence among youth in the late 80s and 90s to a plethora of new studies supporting the same or similar evidence, one may be concerned with the bias that appears to exist primarily on the negative side of the issue.While analyzing deeper, and when looking through one filter, the focus on negativity toward children and media delves deeper. When the 1999 study above is mentioned, the numbers are shocking. The study showed that children spend 40 hours during the week on different forms of media; notably violence, but one has to question if the study would have equated for the abundance of media in society today, and how much media in our lives has skyrocketed. The study not only assumed the viewing amounts within a child's entire elementary cycle but also assumes how many hours of violence a child would likely watch.The reference to one thousand studies on the subject shows how clearly the issue is of concern to parents, teachers, and the futur e of behavioral condition society may have to deal with. What research has limited itself with is discovering the potential positive effects of video games, and violence in media and television. The expert views above indicate Craig A. Anderson may be suggesting strongly that violent media content negatively effects children, but he also points out that items such as interactive games, for instance, do illicit requirements for complex problem-solving skills.These skill types of skills and experiences can be referenced and reflected along with different areas being discussed. Comparing and contrasting the positives and negatives proves to be a harder task when it comes to discovering the positives, but there is a one likely reason. Media pressures developed by existing conditions in society likely form bias’s, which leaves little room for fair, reasonable, and mediated conditions or conclusions for evidence to be properly put forth on either side of the argument.Discovering th e positives resides in the logic of today's children. Children are developing complex problem solving skill sets far beyond those their parents did at the same ages and at faster rates. Studies must reflect the times, and not the basis of the past. Our Opinion Violent movies and video games do have some type of impact on children, but we do not think that it will cause the child to inflict violence on others. We believe that if left alone without proper supervision and guidance, it will have a negative effect.Growing up in a household with family values and ethics will allow the child to have a better understanding of what he or she does and to know the difference between what is real and what is fictitious. Let us focus on the fact that when we were children, we would watch cartoons in which one of the characters would chase the other around with a shotgun, light a stick of dynamite, and place it under their hat. The character would then fall off a cliff, followed by a giant boulde r on the head. In addition playing war games as young boys with the green Army men and simulating an explosion was quite exciting.Blowing the Army men up with firecrackers were all a part of the violent games we played. Shooting a BB gun or slingshot was also another way in which we enjoyed playing in the days before video games. The point we are trying to make is, violence has always been around and most people recognize the difference, and would not go out and inflict violence in the real world. A few mentally disturbed children may not know the difference in between the two, or children who were not taught the difference between reality and make-believe by their parents at an early age.We blame playing too many video games and watching too many movies as a cause of obesity in children, but we also parallel behavioral issues to the same mediums, which are why we should focus more on how children are raised rather than the influential mediums they are faced with. The Impact on Chil dren Though the point may be argued that violence in video games and movies has no effect on children, it is hard to imagine how such imagery cannot influence their actions.Modern video games – with their almost real looking graphics, in-depth story lines, and characters that resemble real people – are quickly approaching the realm of â€Å"virtual reality. † Gone are the days of Mario and Luigi saving the world and the Princess from the evil Bowser as in Super Mario Bros. Video games that are more recent involve stories that require automobile theft, use of illegal weapons, and violent fighting tactics to advance to the next level. These images paint the picture that in order to get what you want in life, you have to take it by force.According to a study done by the Gallup Company in 2003, â€Å"More than 70 percent of American teenage boys have played the violent but popular â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† video games, and they are more likely to have been in a fight than those who have not played† (Berkowitz, 2003). This study seems to provide clear evidence that some children’s real life is influenced by the video games they play at home. Young children are very impressionable and can easily gain a distorted view of reality by participating in these games. Berkowitz, in press) Certain movies are also influencing the actions and behaviors of young children. Parental guide rating systems have been put in place as advisories, though many parents completely ignore them. If a child wants ideas on how to rob a casino, fight, mistreat women, and/or blow something up, all he or she needs to do is visit the local theater. Better yet, the Internet and media companies like Netflix allow children to watch these scenes without leaving their homes.I remember watching â€Å"The Karate Kid† and realizing that martial arts are a means of self-defense and a practice in self-control and honesty. Hollywood’s modern twist makes g un-slinging bandits out to be more hero like and less villain like. The images that these children are seeing on the big screen has the potential to fill their heads with the idea that violence is a useful means to solve ones problems or get what he or she wants. Conclusion Violence is prevalent on television and in video games. The amount of violence children are exposed to via the media has increased.Cartoons feature slapstick characters that use vulgarity and violence as a form of humor. Video games feature graphic war scenarios or bloody street fights that encourage players to kill opponents in order to move to the next level of the game. Studies show children tend to mimic violent behavior when it comes to conflict resolution. The exposure to violence has had an affect on children. The effects range from aggression to various levels of anxiety. The constant exposure to violence often perpetuates that the world is an unsafe place full of mean people.References Berkowitz, B. (in press). Most teens play violent video games, study says. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from www. lionlamb. org/news_articles/Washington_Post_Grand_Theft. htm Hoerrner, M. , & Hoerrner, K. (2006). Video Game Violence (vol. 15 ed. ). : Child Welfare League of Amreica. Simmons, G. (2008). Does Violent Media Cause Aggression?. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from www. manageangerdaily. com Surgeon General (2001). Youth Violence. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/